Refine your search

The results of your search are listed below alongside the search terms you entered on the previous page. You can refine your search by amending any of the parameters in the form and resubmitting it.

Select all Deselect all Add selection to lightbox
Large Small
Thumbnails per page
It is believed that the secrets of Chinese paper making were passed on to the Abbasids after their victory over Chinese forces at the Battle of Talas in 751 CE.<br/><br/> The art of paper-making was refined and transformed into mass production by the mills of Baghdad. Some of the techniques employed in Baghdad included the use of linen as a substitute for the bark of the mulberry which the Chinese used. This involved a more refined and improved method of production.<br/><br/> This development facilitated the building of many paper mills in Baghdad from where the industry spread to Damascus which became the major source of supply of paper to Europe.<br/><br/> After the industry developed in Iraq, Syria and Palestine, it spread west. The first paper mill in Africa was built in Egypt around 850; then a paper mill was built in Morocco from where the skill reached Spain in 950. In 1293 the first paper mill in Bologna was set up. The first use of paper in England did not come until 1309, then Germany in the late stages of the 14th century.
Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis (1008–1062) was the fourth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya, reigning from 1016 to 1062.<br/><br/> He is considered to be the author of the <i>Kitab umdat al kuttab wa uddat dhawi al-albab</i> ('Staff of the Scribes') on the preparation of types of inks, the preparation of coloured inks, metallic inks, the colouring of dyes and mixtures, secret writing and the making of paper.
Socialist realism is a style of realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style having as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism.